Emigration from Afghanistan is the product of socio-political circumstances—drought, regime changes, wars—and economic structures—pastoralism and agricultural seasonal cycles—but it is also situated in a historical continuum of recurrent population movements on a regional scale. As a phenomenon, it has been well-researched in Pakistan, but has been less well understood from the Iranian side. However, many Afghans, notably but not exclusively Hazaras, have settled there since the end of the nineteenth century. Immigration from Afghanistan intensified from the 1970s onwards following the Iranian oil boom and drought in Afghanistan and the political turbulence in that country after 1978. The policies of the Islamic Republic towards this population have been both variable and inconsistent. Recently, their main priority has been the repatriation of Afghans in an atmosphere of both official and popular xenophobia. The experience of exile has resulted in important social changes, in particular with respect to education and the position of women. Moreover, the Afghan presence on Iranian soil appears to be irreversible: it satisfies economic needs, reflects the intensity of commercial exchanges between the two countries, and in itself constitutes a complex trans-border reality. Finally, it sustains a public and juridical debate on the definition of citizenship and appears to be inherent in the idea of the Iranian nation itself. 1The first part of this paper was written by Olszewska based on nine months of fieldwork conducted among Afghans in Iran between 2004 and 2006. The subsequent two sections, the introduction and the conclusion, were written by Adelkhah based on two months of research in Iran from August-September 2005 and ongoing research on border markets since 2000. This is an abridged version of a working paper originally published by CERI in French under the title Les Afghans Iraniens, Les Etudes du CERI, 125 (Paris, April 2006). © 2007, The International Society for Iranian Studies.
